M. Christine Boyer, in her essay "Labyrinths of the Mind and City - Real and Virtual" makes the connection between the spaces of Walter Benjamin’s arcades and the spaces of virtual reality, claiming that each determines the outside through the combination of interior elements.  Benjamin imagined the arcades to represent all of Paris; Boyer imagines virtual space (specifically hypertext) to function as an internal combination of signifiers that are directed outward towards the world.  She also draws some interesting parallels to cyberpunk, citing Scott Bukatman’s Terminal Identity.  Cyberpunk draws attention to the instability of virtual culture and how easily the culture can terminate.  It seems as though this punk sentiment has been replaced by the stablizing technology of cartography.